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Hristo Botev, the April Uprising and the Slavic Committees

Bulgaria lost one of the greatest heroic figures of our times in the fire of the fight for national independence

Author:
From left to right - Hristo Botev, Ivan Drasov and Nikola Slavkov.
Photo: Toma Hitrov

The testimonies of those who took part in the fateful events of 1876 are numerous and often contradictory. But the letters and documents about the April Uprising, which led to the liberation of Bulgaria, paint a fuller picture of the events that goes beyond the interpretation of history taught at school. 

Did you know that, according to Dimitar Gorov's memoirs, recorded by Zahari Stoyanov, the fare alone for the first group of Chetniks - 40 rebels who boarded the ship "Radetsky" in Giurgiu on 16 May 1876, together with the poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev - was 650 gold francs? That was the capital of a small business in those days. 

The Radetsky
The steerage ticket of each Chetnik - 195 of them, disguised as gardeners, travelling to Serbia - cost the price of a modern rifle. The money for the weapons, and it was a small fortune, came from the Bulgarian Humanitarian Board of Trustees, which was formally set up to raise funds for the uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina and operated in Bucharest from August 1875 to July 1876. It was a successor organisation to the Bulgarian Central Charity Society.
These organizations, as we would now call them "NGOs", were formally led by Kiryak Tsankov - a member of the then-banned Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC) in Bucharest. In reality, however, both organisations were led by the Russian diplomat Vladimir Ionin. The latter ventured into Wallachia as an emissary of the Russian Slavic Committees. 

Indeed, the Slavic Committees were at the forefront of Russian foreign policy towards Serbia and Bulgaria on the 'Eastern Question' - the issue of how to share the legacy of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. They declared that they would support both education and the Church in Serbia and Bulgaria. In reality, under Russian autocracy, they are an instrument enabling Russian diplomacy to conduct hybrid propaganda and armed actions in the Balkans. 

Ivan Aksakov, lawyer and publicist, chairman of the Slavic Committees (1875-1878), artist Ilya Repin.
The question is why, in 1875, the Slavic Committees refused to provide Hristo Botev and the BRCC with financial support and arms to organise the uprising in Stara Zagora, yet months later they backed the April Uprising? 
The Committees and their Wallachian affiliates controlled the activities of the Giurgiu Committee, which prepared the April Uprising and then disbanded itself in late 1875. 

What happened? In 1875, Russia and Austria-Hungary actively supported the outbreak of the uprising in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Vienna and St Petersburg agreed that the uprising would be the occasion for an international conference to resolve the Eastern Question. 

Reading Hristo Botev's fiery political articles in the revolutionary press, one can see how the BRCC activists feared that Bulgaria would miss the moment to rise up and raise the question of its liberation. 

The Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee decided to organise such an uprising. In August and September 1875, Botev travelled to Kishinev and Odessa to raise funds and arms for the revolution. But the Slavic committees and the Bulgarian emigration to Russia, controlled by the Slavic committees, sent him back empty-handed. At the time, Russia respected its agreements with Austria-Hungary and demanded that the Bulgarians not revolt. However, the uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina died down with no result at all.

Botev and his detachment disembarking at Kozloduy, artist Dimitar Gyudzhenov
The Ottoman Empire, backed by Britain, refused to convene a conference that would change the status quo in the Balkans. St Petersburg then felt free to support the Bulgarians. For various reasons, Hristo Botev did not take part in the work of the Gurgiu Committee, but he prepared to join the units that were to cross the Danube. At the end of April and the beginning of May 1876, Botev again went to Kishinev and Odessa. This time he received a warm welcome and funds. Eventually Botev's detachment would be joined by the Bulgarian Humanitarian Board of Trustees and its well-funded and armed St George's detachment, ready to cross into Bulgaria. 
We Bulgarians have had such happy moments in our history, when our national interests successfully fitted into the grand scheme of international politics and surfaced above the contradictions of the great powers. The most spectacular such success was the heroism of the April Uprising, paid for by the sacrifice of revolutionaries like Hristo Botev and all the participants in the uprising. The events of 1876 led to the liberation of Bulgaria and the resurrection of the Bulgarian state.
Further reading:



Translated and posted by Elizabeth Radkova


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